Basement Regions

I The Fabric of Basement Terrains and its Controls on the Development of Landforms.- 1 Planation Surfaces in Basement Terrains.- 1.1 The Identification and Reconstruction of Planation Surfaces.- 1.1.1 Landscape Geometry through Morphometric Analysis.- 1.1.2 Sedimentary Cover Rocks as Stratigraphic Markers in Denudation Chronologies.- 1.1.3 Superficial Deposits and Basement Margin Sediments.- 1.1.4 In situ Weathering Products and Surface Geochemical Processes.- 1.2 Planation Processes and the Bioclimatic Environment.- 1.2.1 The Preservation of Flat-Lying Land Surfaces: Conditions and Context.- 1.2.2 Formative Processes.- 1.3 Conclusion.- 2 Morphostructural Units, Multi-Storeyed Scenery and the Origin of Escarpments in Basement Terrains.- 2.1 The Morphostructural Fabric and Evolution of Crystalline Basements.- 2.1.1 The Diversity of Morphostructural Units.- 2.1.2 Geological Structure in Crystalline Basements.- 2.2 Multi-Storeyed Landscapes at Passive Margins.- 2.2.1 The Structural Fabric of Basement Terrains.- 2.2.2 Denudation Chronologies at Passive Margins.- 2.2.3 Uplift Mechanisms and Geophysical Implications.- 2.3 The Hercynian Platform of Western Europe: Its Fragmentation and the Origin of Escarpments.- 2.3.1 Landscape Development in the Limousin (France): A Casebook of Geomorphological Controversy.- 2.3.2 The Eternal Dilemma: Neotectonics or Divergent Weathering?.- 2.3.3 Style and Scale of Crustal Deformation.- 2.4 Conclusion.- 3 Structural Landforms in Basement Terrains.- 3.1 Problems of Methodology.- 3.1.1 Differential Erosion and the Problem of Rock Hardness.- 3.1.2 Depths of Denudation and the Geometry of Igneous Intrusions.- 3.2 Etch-Basins and Alveolate Relief.- 3.2.1 Factors of Etch-Basin Development.- 3.2.2 The Age of Etch-Basins and Cauldrons.- 3.3 Residual Bedrock Landforms.- 3.3.1 Residual Landforms and Lithology.- 3.3.2 Residual Landforms and Joint Spacing.- 3.3.3 Tors.- 3.4 Homoclines and Related Strike Valleys.- 3.4.1 Homoclines in Layered Intrusion Complexes.- 3.4.2 The Occurrence of Homoclines in Other Structural Contexts.- 3.5 Conclusion.- II The Weathering of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks: Processes and Products.- 4 Rock Resistance and its Influence on Landforms in Basement Terrains.- 4.1 The Unequal Resistance of Rock Minerals to Hydrolysis.- 4.1.1 The Susceptibility of Minerals to Chemical Weathering.- 4.1.2 Ranking the Resistance of Minerals: Pitfalls and Limitations.- 4.2 Mineral Species, Petrographic Texture and Rock Resistance.- 4.2.1 The Search for a Chemical Index of Weathering for Crystalline Rocks.- 4.2.2 Difficulties of Interpretation.- 4.3 Rock Fracture, Crystal Cracks, Porosity and Rock Resistance.- 4.3.1 Joint Systems.- 4.3.2 Single-Grain and Multigrain Crack Systems.- 4.4 Conclusion.- 5 Chemical Weathering, Regolith and Climate in Metamorphic and Igneous Terrains.- 5.1 Late- and Post-Magmatic Alteration: Its Products and Significance in Landform Development.- 5.1.1 Identifying the Products of Hydrothermal Alteration.- 5.1.2 The Influence of Hydrothermal Alteration on Landform Development.- 5.2 In situ Saprolite in its Formative Climatic Environment.- 5.2.1 Chemical Weathering in Arctic, Sub-Arctic and Circum-Arctic Environments.- 5.2.2 Weathering in the Temperate Zone.- 5.3 Weathering in Mediterranean and Subtropical Transitional Regions.- 5.3.1 Two Varieties of Weathered Detritus.- 5.3.2 The Problem of Palaeosols.- 5.4 Weathering in Tropical Environments.- 5.4.1 The Debated Origin of Ironstone.- 5.4.2 The Search for Chronological Indicators.- 5.4.3 Different Generations of Weathering, or Different Forms of Weathering?.- 5.5 The Geochemical Approach to Weathering in Geomorphology.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6 Cryogenic Processes and Ice-Related Restructuring of the Regolith in Metamorphic and Igneous Terrains.- 6.1 Frost Weathering in Crystalline Rocks.- 6.1.1 The Susceptibility of Rock Materials to Frost Weathering: Basic Determining Factors.- 6.1.2 The Characteristics of Frost-Generated Debris.- 6.1.3 The Ranking of Rock Susceptibilities to Frost Riving.- 6.2 Trains of Periglacial Debris across the Slope System: Pattern and Process.- 6.2.1 A Classification of Periglacial Deposits.- 6.3 Type Periglacial Toposequences on Hillslopes of the Mid-Latitudes.- 6.3.1 The Chronostratigraphic Interpretation of Toposequences.- 6.3.2 The Importance of Site-Specific Conditions.- 6.4 Conclusion.- III Zonal Patterns of Landscape Development in Basement Terrains.- 7 Landscape Development in Tropical Shield Environments.- 7.1 The Limited Cutting Power of Streams and its Consequences.- 7.1.1 The Widespread Occurrence of Flat-Lying Topography.- 7.1.2 The Cratonic Régime of Landscape Rejuvenation.- 7.1.3 Multi-Storeyed Topography.- 7.2 Bedrock Landforms: Geological Structure and Denudation in the Tropics.- 7.2.1 Inselbergs and the Inselberg Problem.- 7.2.2 Other Classes of Structural Landforms: A Brief Survey.- 7.2.3 Limits to the Zonal Interpretation of Tropical Landforms.- 7.3 Non-Bedrock Landforms: Slope, Form and Process.- 7.3.1 Wash Divides and Laterite Breakaways.- 7.3.2 Glacis and Pediments.- 7.3.3 Gullying.- 7.4 Conclusion.- 8 Landscape Development in Arctic, Sub-Arctic and Circum-Arctic Shield Environments.- 8.1 Upland Plateaux and U-shaped Valleys.- 8.1.1 Undulating Planation Surfaces.- 8.1.2 Trough-and-Fjell Topography.- 8.1.3 Arctic Coastlines in Crystalline Terrain: The Skjaergård and the Strandflat.- 8.2 The Varying Impact of Past Glaciations on the Landscape.- 8.2.1 Ice-Scoured Landscapes: Cirques, Fjords, Fjells and Geological Structure.- 8.2.2 Debris-Dominated Landscapes: Lowland Till, Upland Blockfields and Relict Saprolite.- 8.3 Timescales and Processes of Slope Development.- 8.3.1 Slopes: Form and Process.- 8.3.2 Rates and Timescales of Slope Evolution.- 8.4 Conclusion.- 9 Landscape Development in Metamorphic and Igneous Terrains of the Mid-Latitudes (with Special Reference to Western Europe).- 9.1 Morphostructural Provinces and Related Scenery.- 9.1.1 Complex Geological Histories.- 9.1.2 A Rich Display of Landforms.- 9.2 The Morphogenetic Legacy of Palaeoclimates.- 9.2.1 The Geography of Weathering Mantles.- 9.2.2 The Zonal Pattern of Periglacial Land Systems in Western Europe.- 9.3 Humans as Geomorphological Agents during the Holocene.- 9.3.1 Slope Reconfiguration in the Upland Environments of Middle Europe: The Impact of Hill Farming.- 9.3.2 Slope Reconfiguration in Steepland Environments: The Impact of Overstocking.- 9.3.3 The Geomorphic Consequences of Rural Depopulation.- 10 Structural Predesign and Scaling Factors in Geomorphology: Lessons from the Study of Basement Terrains.- 10.1 The Scale-Transgressive Influence of Geological Structure.- 10.2 Geological Structure and the Erosional Cycle.- 10.3 Geological Structure and the Slope System.- 10.4 The Belted-Outcrop 'Palaeoplain': How Did It Form before It Was 'Raised'?.- 10.5 The Nature of Geomorphology: A French Viewpoint.- 10.6 Conclusion.- References.